Table 1 Characteristics of twelve different plant species in this study. The characteristics of each plant species were recorded based on general information referenced from the literature
Scientific name | Common name | Life cycle | Flowering height (cm) | Inflorescence | Color | Symmetry | Flower composition | Number of | Flower size (mm) | Fruit type | Pollinators | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Petals | Stamens | Pistils | |||||||||||
Veronica polita Fr. | Grey field-speedwell | Annual/Biennial forb | 5–15 | Raceme | Blue | Compatible | Free | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2–5 | Capsule | Insects |
Forsythia koreana Nakai | Korean goldenbell tree, Gaenari | Perennial tree | 120–300 | Raceme | Yellow | Radial | Fused | 4 | 2 | 1 | 20–30 | Capsule | Insects |
Lamium amplexicaule L. | Common henbit, Great henbit | Annual/Biennial forb | 30–60 | Cyme | Violet | Compatible | Fused | 2 | 4 | 1 | 15–25 | Follicle | Insects |
Lamium purpureum L. | Red dead-nettle, Purple arcangel | Annual forb | 30–75 | Raceme | Violet | Compatible | Fused | 2 | 4 | 1 | 10–20 | Follicle | Insects |
Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz | Mongolian dandelion | Perennial forb | 30 | Capitulum | Yellow | Radial | Free | 5 | > 10 | 1 | 30–35 | Achene | Insects |
Viola mandshurica Becker | Violet | Perennial forb | 20 | Solitary | Violet | Compatible | Free | 5 | 5 | 1 | 10–20 | Capsule | Insects |
Chelidonium majus L. subsp. asiaticum H.Hara | Greater celandine | Perennial forb | 50 | Raceme | Yellow | Radial | Free | 4 | > 10 | 1 | 10–15 | Capsule | Insects |
Vicia villosa Roth | Hairy vetch, Fodder vetch | Annual/Biennial forb | 30–90 | Raceme | Violet | Compatible | Fused | 5 | 10 | 1 | 10–20 | Legumen | Insects |
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem. | Indian strawberry, Mock strawberry | Perennial forb | 10 | Cyme | Yellow | Radial | Free | 5 | > 10 | > 10 | 10–15 | Achene | Insects |
Prunus × yedoensis Matsum. | Korean flowering cherry | Perennial tree | 200–1200 | Umbel | Pink | Radial | Free | 5 | > 10 | 1 | 20–30 | Drupe | Insects |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | Shepherd’s purse | Annual/Biennial forb | 30 | Raceme | White | Radial | Free | 4 | 6 | 1 | 2–3 | Nut | Self, Insects |
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. | Brown mustard | Annual/Biennial forb | 80 | Raceme | Yellow | Radial | Free | 4 | 4–6 | 1 | 10–15 | Nut | Self, Insects |